Post-collisional potassic magmatism in the eastern Lhasa terrane, South Tibet: Products of partial melting of mélanges in a continental subduction channel

Post-collisional, potassic magmatic rocks widely distributed in the eastern Lhasa terrane provide significant information for comprehensive understanding of geodynamic processes of northward subduction of the Indian lithosphere and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. A combined dataset of whole-rock major and trace elements, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, and in situ zircon U–Pb dating and Hf–O isotopic analyses are presented for the Yangying potassic volcanic rocks (YPVR) in the eastern part of the Lhasa terrane, South Tibet. These volcanic rocks consist of trachytes, which are characterized by high K2O (5.46–9.30wt.%), SiO2 (61.34–68.62wt.%) and Al2O3 (15.06–17.36wt.%), and relatively low MgO (0.47–2.80wt.%) and FeOt (1.70–4.90wt.%). Chondrite-normalized rare earth elements (REE) patterns display clearly negative Eu anomalies. Primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace elements diagrams exhibit strong enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE) and display significantly negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies. Initial isotopic compositions indicate relatively radiogenic Sr [(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.711978–0.712090)] and unradiogenic Nd [(143Nd/144Nd)i=0.512121–0.512148]. Combined with their Pb isotopic compositions [(206Pb/204Pb)i=18.615–18.774, (207Pb/204Pb)i=15.708–15.793, (208Pb/204Pb)i=39.274–39.355)], these data are consistent with the involvement of component from subducted continental crustal sediment in their source region. The whole-rock Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions exhibit linear trends between enriched mantle-derived mafic ultrapotassic magmas and relatively depleted crustal contaminants from the Lhasa terrane. The enrichment of the upper mantle below South Tibet is considered to result from the addition of components derived from subducted Indian continental crust to depleted MORB-source mantle during northward underthrusting of the Indian continental lithosphere beneath the Lhasa terrane since India–Asia collision at ~55Ma. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon analyses yield the eruptive ages of 10.61±0.10Ma and 10.70±0.18Ma (weighted mean ages). Zircon Hf isotope compositions [ƐHf(t)=−4.79 to −0.17], combined with zircon O isotope ratios (5.51–7.22‰), imply an addition of crustal material in their petrogenesis. Clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometer reveals pressure (2.5–4.1kbar) and temperature (1029.4–1082.9°C) of clinopyroxene crystallization, suggesting that depth of the magma chamber was 11.6–16.4km. Energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization (EC–AFC) model calculation indicates depth of assimilation and fractional crystallization in the region of 14.40–18.75km underneath the Lhasa terrane, which is in consistent with depth of the magma chamber as suggested by clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometer. Based on the whole-rock major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions, combined with EC–AFC modeling simulations and zircon Hf–O isotope data, we propose that the YPVR resulted from assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) process of the K-rich mafic primitive magmas, which were caused by partial melting of the Indian continental subduction-induced mélange rocks.