Ecosystem health of Lake Vänern: Past, present and future research

The large lakes of Sweden (Vanern, Vattern, Malaren and Hjalmaren) have been monitored for more than four decades for water quality conditions to assess the impact of eutrophication from anthropogenic activities. Lake Vanern is basically an oligotrophic lake that showed signs of eutrophication, notably the emergence of algal blooms in the coastal areas (1967-1968). The lake was also contaminated, due to the discharge of pulp and paper effluents including metals such as mercury. However, ecosystem-based information is lacking for Lake Vanern. Consequently a symposium was organized in 2012 by the University of Gothenburg, Motesplats Vanersborg and the Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society to: assess the current status of the health of Lake Vanern's ecosystem, identify knowledge gaps and develop a road map for the future. In this regard, Lake Vanern was compared with the North American Great Lakes to learn from their extensive, long-term data sets. A special issue devoted to the State of Lake Vanern Ecosystem symposium was published in Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management (AEHM, Vol. 17, no. 4) including keynotes and contributed papers. The conclusions shown in the appendix (available in the online supplementary information) summarize the authors' contributions. Most of the articles covered Lake Vanern, but some were directed towards monitoring and management of Great Lakes in general, and others addressed co-operation under the auspices of international agreements and directives. Based on the background information provided by the State of Lake Vanern Ecosystem symposium and its publication in the special issue, the conveners decided that a synthesis of the symposium with recommendations for the future would be useful in boosting ecosystem research in Lake Vanern.