Increased levels of lead in the blood and frequencies of lymphocytic micronucleated binucleated cells among workers from an electronic-waste recycling site.

In recent years, adverse health effects of chemicals from electronic waste (e-waste) have been reported. However, little is known about the genotoxic effects of chemicals in e-waste. In the present study, air concentrations of the toxic metals at e-waste and control sites were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Levels of toxic metals (lead, copper and cadmium) in blood and urine were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 48 exposed individuals and 56 age-and sex-matched controls. The frequencies of lymphocytic micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBNCs) were determined using a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Results indicated that blood lead levels were significantly higher in the exposed group (median: 11.449 mu g/dL, 1st/3rd quartiles: 9.351-14.410 mu g/dL) than in the control group (median: 9.104 mu g/dL, 1st/3rd quartiles: 7.275-11.389 mu g/dL). The exposed group had higher MNBNCs frequencies (median: 4.0 parts per thousand, 1st/3rd quartiles: 2.0-7.0 parts per thousand) compared with the controls (median: 1.0 parts per thousand, 1st/3rd quartiles: 0.0-2.0 parts per thousand). Additionally, MNBNCs frequencies and blood lead levels were positively correlated (r = 0.254, p < 0.01). Further analysis suggested that a history of working with e-waste was a predictor for increased blood lead levels and MNBNCs frequencies in the subjects. The results suggest that both the living and occupational environments at the e-waste site may be risk factors for increased MNBNCs frequencies among those who are exposed.