Selected medical errors in the intensive care unit: results of the IATROREF study: parts I and II.

Rationale Although intensive care units (ICUs) were created for patients with life-threatening illnesses, the ICU environment generates a high risk of iatrogenic events. Identifying medical errors (MEs) that serve as indicators for iatrogenic risk is crucial for purposes of reporting and prevention. Objectives: We describe the selection of indicator MEs, the incidence of such MEs, and their relationship with mortality. Methods: We selected indicator MEs using Delphi techniques. An observational prospective multicenter cohort study of these MEs was conducted from March 27 to April 3,2006, in 70 ICUs; 16 (23%) centers were audited. Harm from MEs was collected using specific scales. Measurements and Main Results: Fourteen types of MEs were selected as indicators; 11,1192 MEs were reported for 1,369 patients, and 367 (26.8%) patients experienced at least I ME (2.1/1,000 patient-days). The most common MEs were insulin administration errors (185.9/1,000 d of insulin treatment). Of the 1,192 medical errors, 183 (15.4%) in 128 (9.3%) patients were adverse events that were followed by one or more clinical consequences (n = 163) or that required one or more procedures or treatments (n = 58). By multivariable analysis, having two or more adverse events was an independent risk factor for ICU mortality (odds ratio, 3.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-7.36; P = 0.039). Conclusions: The impact of medical errors on mortality indicates an urgent need to develop prevention programs. We have planned a study to assess a program based on our results.