Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is required for modulating endothelial inflammatory response through a nongenomic mechanism.

Besides their well-known anti-diabetic effects, the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) thiazolidinedione ligands (TZD) have been suggested to also display anti-inflammatory properties. The receptor role in mediating such effects is far from being elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that PPARγ is necessary for TZD to interfere with TNFα and IFNγ inflammatory activity in human endothelial cells. Different PPARγ ligands similarly inhibit cytokinic stimulation of IFNγ-inducible-protein-of-10-kDa (IP10) secretion in a dose-dependent manner and prevent the induced phosphorylation/activation of extracellular-signaling-regulated-kinases (ERK1/2). To further confirm the PPARγ role in mediating both rapid and long term anti-inflammatory effects of its ligands, we evaluated RGZ inhibitory action in PPARγ-silenced and -overexpressing cells. PPARγ-silencing results in a reversion of RGZ inhibitory activity on cyto/chemokine secretions and rapid ERK phosphorylation. Conversely, receptor overexpression significantly increases RGZ inhibitory activity. Finally, PPARγ-overexpression results in a reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inflammatory secretions in response to TNFα and IFNγ even in the absence of RGZ, suggesting a restraining effect controlled by endogenous ligands.