Mouse mutagenesis and disease models for neuropsychiatric disorders.

In this chapter, mutant mouse resources which have been developed by classical genetics as well as by modern large-scale mutagenesis projects are summarized. Various spontaneous and induced mouse mutations have been archived since the rediscovery of Mendel's genetics in 1900. Moreover, genome-wide, large-scale mutagenesis efforts have recently been expanding the available mutant mouse resources. Forward genetics projects using ENU mutagenesis in the mouse were started in the mid-1990s. The widespread adoption of reverse genetics, using knockouts and conditional mutagenesis based on gene-targeting technology, followed. ENU mutagenesis has now evolved to provide a further resource for reverse genetics, with multiple point mutations in a single gene and this new approach is described. Researchers now have various options to obtain mutant mice: point mutations, transgenic mouse strains, and constitutional or conditional knockout mice. The established mutant strains have already contributed to modeling human diseases by elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as by providing preclinical applications. Examples of mutant mice, focusing on neurological and behavioral models for human diseases, are reviewed. Human diseases caused by a single gene or a small number of major genes have been well modeled by corresponding mutant mice. Current evidence suggests that quantitative traits based on polygenes are likely to be associated with a range of psychiatric diseases, and these are now coming within the range of modeling by mouse mutagenesis.