Syndemic Theory and Its Use in Developing Health Interventions and Programming: A Scoping Review

The central tenet of syndemics theory is that disease interactions are driven by social factors, and that these factors have to be understood in order to reduce the health burdens of local populations. Without an understanding of the theory and how it is being put into practice, there is a strong possibility of losing the potential for syndemic theory to positively impact change at community and individual level. Following an initial database search that produced 921 articles, we developed a multi-stage scoping review process identifying invention studies that employ syndemic theory. Inclusion was defined as the presence of healthcare interventions examining multiple social-biological outcomes, refering to a specific (local) at risk population, developing or attempting to develop interventions impacting upon multiple health and/or social targets, and explicit employment of syndemic theory in developing the intervention. A total of 45 articles contained a substantial engagement with syndemic theory and an original healthcare intervention. However, only eleven studies out of all 921 articles met the inclusion criteria. It is strongly suggested that when employing syndemic theory researchers focus close attention to demonstrating disease interactions, providing evidence of the social drivers of these disease interactions, and constructing interventions grounded in these analytical findings. We conclude that although frequently referred to, syndemic theory is rarely employed in its entirety and recommend that interventions be developed using a more thorough grounding in this important and powerful theory.