Enhancing cyclic voltammetry performance with N-graphene -supported coupled NiO/TiO2 hollow nanospheres as superior anode material

In this work, we aim to study and improve the electrochemical performance of a unique thin film-structured composite nitrogen-doped graphene (NGr) combined with NiO/TiO2 hollow nanospheres coupled by synergistic hydrothermal method. NGr@NiO/TiO2 nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized as indicated by their characteristics through several rational characterization techniques such as the morphological shape of NiO/TiO2 hollow nanospheres that are evenly distributed on the surface of N-graphene with particle distribution in the range of 79.78–362.13 nm with an average diameter of 130 nm. In addition, the crystal structures of carbon from NGr, NiO, and TiO2 (anatase and rutile) have been confirmed and proven by spectra showing the presence of C–N stretching primary amides (1400 cm−1), Ni–O stretching (700 cm−1) and Ti–O–Ti bond (425 cm−1), respectively. To enhance the performance of cyclic voltammetry (CV) in electrochemical testing, adjustments are made to parameters such as cycle effect, scan rate, and composition, ensuring the production of reversible voltammograms under each condition. The results indicate that reversible voltammograms are observed under each condition, with a composite ratio of 80:15:5 (wt