Analyses for Graphical Records for a Total Solar Eclipse in May 1230: a Possible Reference for the “medieval Grand Maximum”
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY（2024）
Nagoya Univ
Abstract
Datable graphical records of total solar eclipses allow us to assess contemporaneous variability of Earth's rotation speed, solar coronal structure, and solar-wind conditions. Such graphical records were studied back to the early 18th century. Here, we examine Matthew Paris' medieval manuscript, an eyewitness account of a total solar eclipse just after local sunrise on 1230 May 14, to analyse his drawings for this eclipse. We philologically identify his observational site as St. Albans and compute local eclipse visibility. To locate St. Albans in the totality path, our analysis requires an accumulative error in time due to the variation in the Earth's rate of rotation, Delta T, in the range 394 s < Delta T < 764 s (loose scenario), slightly revising the latest published Delta T spline curve. The eclipsed Sun sould have been visible after local sunrise if we set the Delta T margins to 394 s < Delta T < 659 s (strict scenario), which requires a further slight modification of the latest Delta T spline curve. Matthew Paris' drawing of the total solar eclipse showed streamer-like structures similar to solar-minimum-type coronal streamers, consistent with the local tilt of the apparent solar equator. This is morphologically consistent with the minimum-type solar coronal streamers predicted from the open solar flux reconstructed from the C-14 data set. This record potentially demonstrates a similarity in solar cycles between the 'Medieval Grand Maximum' and modern solar cycles. Collectively, historical eclipse records could be used as spot references for Earth's rotation speed, solar coronal dynamics, and background solar dynamo activity on a millennial time-scale.
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Key words
celestial mechanics,eclipses,Sun: activity,Sun: corona,Sun: magnetic fields,solar wind
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