Impact of graphene oxide nanosheets and polymethyl methacrylate on nano/hybrid-based restoration dental filler composites: ultrasound behavior and antibacterial activity

Purpose Graphene-polymer nanocomposites significantly impact dental filler and antibacterial applications. The study aims to overcome some problems dental filers present and improve their properties and antibacterial activity. Synthesis graphene oxide (GO) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were used to reinforce two types of commercial hybrid/nano-dental fillings. Methods Developed acoustic-solution-sonication-casting methods were applied to fabricate the new graphene-polymer-dental filler nanocomposites. The structure, morphology, rheological and mechanical properties, and antibacterial of the newly fabricated filling-PMMA/ GO nanocomposites were investigated. Results Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) showed a significant interaction between the filling and the additional materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a considerable change in crystalline behavior. Optical microscope (OM) with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) pictures demonstrated a substantial change in the morphology of the samples with a homogeneous and fine dispersion of the nanomaterials in the filler matrix. Multi-frequency ultrasound mechanical properties measured the ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, compressibility, bulk modulus, and other mechanical properties that notably enhanced after GO contributed up to 325% of the ultrasonic absorption coefficient compared with hybrid/nano-fillers. Rheological properties were measured as viscosity, absorption coefficient, and specific viscosity, which significantly improved after adding PMMA and incorporating GO up to 57% of the viscosity, compared with hybrid/nano-fillers. The inhibition zone of moth bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis and E. staph bacteria, improved after the contribution of GO nanosheets up to 46%. Conclusion Nanofillers nanocomposites presented better properties and inhabitances zone diameter of antibacterial.