Time-Resolved In Situ Imaging of Strain Localization in Draupne Shale under Triaxial Compression

Understanding the mechanical behavior of rocks is crucial in subsurface activities, including storage of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases, which both rely on shale caprocks as potential sealing barriers. Several current large-scale initiatives focus on potential carbon storage in North Sea aquifers. The Draupne Formation contains a series of shale layers interbedded with sandstone layers, the overall thickness of which varies in the range from tens to hundreds of meters. Injection of carbon dioxide into the underlying sandstone reservoirs leads to changes in the surrounding stress field, which can result in fault reactivation or the creation of microfractures, and thus, alter the performance of the shale caprock. Time-resolved microcomputed tomography (4D mu CT) has, in recent years, become a powerful technique for studying the mechanical properties of rocks under stress conditions similar to those prevailing in geological reservoirs. Here, we present results from experiments performed on Draupne shale using a triaxial rig combined with 4D mu CT based on synchrotron radiation. Detailed mechanical analysis of the tomography datasets by digital volume correlation reveals the three-dimensional pattern of the temporally evolving deformation field. Intermittent bursts of deformation at different locations within the specimen are observed, which eventu-ally evolve into a major fracture plane extending laterally across the whole sample. This study suggests that the pseudolinear-elastic-appearing behavior in the macroscopic stress-strain relationship previously reported for Draupne shale samples could consist of a series of irreversible processes occurring at various weak points within the sample. The combination of 4D mu CT imaging with strain analysis enables in situ investigations of deformation processes via quantification of shear and volumetric strains within the sample, thus providing an improved understanding of the fracture dynamics of shales.