MET: Model Checking-Driven Explorative Testing of CRDT Designs and Implementations.

Internet‐scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability, despite node and network failures. According to the CAP theorem, low latency and high availability can only be achieved at the cost of accepting weak consistency. The conflict‐free replicated data type (CRDT) is a framework that provides a principled approach to maintaining eventual consistency among data replicas. CRDTs have been notoriously difficult to design and implement correctly. Subtle deep bugs lie in the complex and tedious handling of all possible cases of conflicting data updates. We argue that the CRDT design should be formally specified and model checked, to uncover deep bugs which are beyond human reasoning. The implementation further needs to be systematically tested. On the one hand, the testing needs to inherit the exhaustive nature of the model checking and ensures the coverage of testing. On the other hand, the testing is expected to find coding errors which cannot be detected by design level verification. Toward the challenges above, we propose the model‐checking‐driven explorative testing ( met ) framework. At the design level, met uses TLA+ to specify and model check CRDT designs. At the implementation level, met conducts model‐checking‐driven explorative testing, in the sense that the test cases are automatically generated from the model‐checking traces. The system execution is controlled to proceed deterministically, following the model‐checking trace. The explorative testing systematically controls and permutes all nondeterministic choices of message reorderings. We apply met in our practical development of CRDTs. The bugs in both designs and implementations of CRDTs are found. As for bugs which can be found by traditional testing techniques, met greatly reduces the cost of fixing the bugs. Moreover, met can find subtle deep bugs which cannot be found by existing techniques at a reasonable cost. Based on our practical use of met , we discuss how met provides us with sufficient confidence in the correctness of our CRDT designs and implementations. Conflict‐free replicated data type (CRDT) is a framework that provides a principled approach to maintaining eventual consistency among data replicas in distributed systems. CRDTs have been notoriously difficult to design and implement correctly. We propose model‐checking‐driven explorative testing ( met ) framework for dealing with such problem. We apply met in our practical development of CRDTs. met successfully finds subtle deep bugs and provides us with sufficient confidence in the correctness of our CRDT designs and implementations.