A scoping review of the effects of virtual reality and computer-based interventions for people with chronic pain: does it feel like we're there yet?

Objective Although virtual reality VR is shown to have short-term analgesic effects in acute pain settings, its long-term efficacy with chronic pain conditions has not been established. This scoping review aims to provide a summary of VR approaches explored in chronic primary and secondary pain conditions as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain. Methods A systematic literature search in Ovid PubMed and Ovid Embase was conducted between January 5-10th 2021 using the Arksey and O'Malley six-step scoping review criteria. Articles were searched using search terms and keywords relating to ICD-defined primary and secondary chronic pain conditions, virtual reality, virtual illusion, distraction and effects on levels of pain. Results Of 2118 articles located, 44 were included covering a range of primary and secondary chronic pain conditions, using a variety of different computer screen and headset protocols including gaming, mindfulness, exercise, relaxation and proprioceptive skills. Conclusions Studies show virtual reality to be an effective analgesic intervention for people with chronic pain. Given user satisfaction and lack of side effects such as cybersickness and relief of comorbid symptoms, VR has the potential as a worthwhile adjunct to chronic pain management programmes, thus enabling patients to take control of their symptoms.