Fgc3.2: a new generation of embedded controls computer for power converters at cern
semanticscholar(2020)
Abstract
Modern power converters (power supplies) at CERN are controlled by devices known as Function Generator/Controllers (FGCs), which are embedded computer systems providing function generation, current and field regulation, and state control. FGCs were originally conceived for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the early 2000s, though later generations are now increasingly being deployed in the LHC Injector Chain (Linac4, Booster, Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron). A new generation of FGC known as the FGC3.2 is currently in development, which is intended to provide for the evolving needs of the CERN accelerator complex, and other High Energy Physics (HEP) laboratories via CERN's Knowledge and Technology Transfer programmes. This paper describes the evolution of FGCs, summarises tests performed to evaluate candidate components for the FGC3.2 and details the final hardware and software architectures chosen. The FGC3.2 will make use of a multi-core ARM-based System-on-Chip (SoC) running an embedded Linux operating system in contrast to earlier generations which combined a microcontroller and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) with software running on “bare metal”. EVOLUTION OF FGC POWER CONVERTER CONTROLLERS The first Function Generator/Controller, FGC1, was an evolution of the controls developed in the 1980s for the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider power converters, with one small controller embedded in each converter. In 1997, the MCU was updated and a Texas Instruments C32 DSP was added to support digital regulation of the current. This evolved into a second version, FGC2, used in the LHC with error corrected memory to improve radiation tolerance. In 2007, development started on a third generation, FGC3, with the same MCU + DSP architecture but with newer and more powerful components. The resulting FGC3.1 was put into operation in 2012 [1]. Some 2700 FGC3.1s have been produced to date, for use in the CERN accelerator complex.
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