Smart Nutrient Solution Temperature Control System for Oversummering Lettuce Cultivation Based on Adaptive Dung Beetle Optimizer-Fuzzy PID

Yuliang Cai, Zelan Zhao,Wenzhong Guo, Hailing Xu, Yunfei Teng, Xiaobei Han, Qian Zhao,Lichun Wang

mdpi（2025）

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nutrient solution,root zone,temperature control,lettuce,fuzzy PID,dung beetle optimizer

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