Developing a Novel Hybrid Nanofluid Preparation Method Using the Droplet Generation Method: Predicting the Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity, and Magnetic Properties Compared to the Conventional Two-Step Method

This study focuses on utilizing a novel method, the droplet generation method (DGM), to prepare hybrid nanofluids. The aim is to compare thermophysical properties, including thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity, and magnetic properties between the DGM and two-step method (TSM). To prepare a bio-nanofluid, both fluid and nanoparticles must be biocompatible. Therefore, simulated body fluid (SBF) and olive oil were used to prepare this hybrid bio-nanofluid, and for the magnetic particle, iron oxide (Fe3O4) was used. Phase and microstructural examinations were conducted using XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM. The KD2 Pro and DV2 Pro devices were employed to measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the samples, respectively. For both samples prepared using DGM and TSM, different volume fractions ranging from 0.01