Fabrication and evaluation of dual-function nanofiber membrane for guided periodontal tissue and bone regeneration with controlled release of alendronate sodium

Bone defect is one of the most common complications arising from more severe forms of periodontitis and occurring mainly because of the accumulation of osteoclasts at the inflamed site. Bisphosphonates inhibit this process by promoting apoptosis of the osteoclasts. The present study aimed to fabricate nanofibrous membranes for both guided periodontal regeneration and controlled release of alendronate sodium (ALN) in the management of periodontitis. The membranes were developed by electrospinning polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, or a blend of them. Then, they were evaluated for in vivo performance and biocompatibility by an alternative method in rats. Uniform and randomly aligned nanofibers with a mean diameter lower than 600 nm were successfully obtained by electrospinning. The formulation indicated suitable mechanical strength and elasticity. A controlled in vitro release profile over 168 h was observed for each formulation, and the optimized one showed acceptable cell toxicity to be considered non-cytotoxic. The in vivo evaluation showed a sustained release of ALN during 28 days to the surrounding tissues without causing any irritation or damage. The ALN-loaded nanofibrous membrane showed suitable characteristics to be used as a dual-function periodontal membrane with space-maintaining properties and modified release of ALN for promoting bone regeneration during the recovery process.