Study of boundary layer parameterization simulation uncertainties of sand-dust storm windfield using high-resolution three-dimensional Doppler wind lidar data

The processes of dust emission, the development, and dissipation of sand and dust storms all exhibit dynamic and rapidly changing characteristics, posing significant challenges for us to accurately represent their complex behaviors in numerical simulations. In the numerical weather prediction model, the selection and optimization of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes have a direct impact on the simulation results of PBL wind fields, primarily due to the significant uncertainty in the fine-grained simulation of PBL wind field structure. To gain a deeper understanding of the sources of uncertainty in simulating sand-dust storms through vertical wind field structure simulations of the PBL, this study utilizes high-resolution 3D Doppler wind lidar (DWL) data. Focusing on sand-dust storm wind fields with distinctive regional characteristics in Inner Mongolia, China, it examines the turbulent momentum equation and assumptions of the PBL. A comprehensive and systematic evaluation was conducted on the characteristics of horizontal and vertical wind fields, wind shear, as well as the dynamic and thermodynamic differences that arise when simulating typical sand-dust storm wind fields using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with various PBL schemes. This evaluation focused on simulating the typical wind field of sand-dust storms during various stages, including dust generation, occurrence, development, and dissipation. The findings indicate that non-adiabatic heating plays a significant role in the sustainability and evolution of sand-dust storms. The wind shear index holds particular importance as it embodies the dynamic factor in the model. The PBL schemes such as Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi and Niino Level 2.5 (MYNN2), A new version of asymmetric convective model (ACM2), and Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa (GBM), which factor in buoyancy effects, demonstrate more accurate wind shear simulations in sand-dust storms. Furthermore, the ACM2 scheme effectively replicates the fundamental variation characteristics of meteorological elements throughout the sand-dust storm lifecycle.