<xhtml:span xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">Enhancement of growth media for extreme iron-limitation in Escherichia coli </xhtml:span>

Iron is an essential nutrient for microbial growth and bacteria have evolved numerous routes to solubilise and scavenge this biometal, which is often present at very low concentrations in host tissue. We recently used a MOPS-based medium to induce iron limitation in Escherichia coli K-12 during the characterisation of novel siderophore conjugated antibiotics. In this study we confirm that growth media derived from commercially-available M9 salts are unsuitable for studies of iron-limited growth, likely through the contamination of the sodium phosphate buffer components with over 100 µM iron. In contrast, MOPS-based media that are treated with metal-binding Chelex® resin, allow the free iron concentration to be reduced to growth-limiting levels. Despite these measures a small amount of E. coli growth is still observed in these iron-depleted media. By growing E. coli in conditions that theoretically increase the demand for iron-dependent enzymes, namely by replacing the glucose carbon source for acetate and by switching to a microaerobic atmosphere, we can reduce background growth even further. Finally, we demonstrate that by adding an exogeneous siderophore to the growth media which is poorly used by E. coli, we can completely prevent growth, perhaps mimicking situation in host tissue. In conclusion, this short study provides practical experimental insight into low iron media and how to augment the growth conditions of E. coli for extreme iron-limited growth.