Design strategies and recent advancements of solid-state supercapacitor operating in wide temperature range

Solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs) are emerging as one of the promising energy storage devices due to their high safety, superior power density, and excellent cycling life. However, performance degradation and safety issues under extreme conditions are the main challenges for the practical application. With the expansion of human activities, such as space missions, polar exploration, and so on, the investigation of SSC with wide temperature tolerance, high energy density, power density, and sustainability is highly desired. In this review, the effects of temperature on SSC are systematically illustrated and clarified, including the properties of the electrolyte, ion diffusion, and reaction dynamics of the supercapacitor. Subsequently, we summarize the recent advances in wide-temperature-range SSCs from the aspect of electrolyte modification, electrode design, and interface adjustment between electrode and electrolyte, especially with critical concerns on ionic conductivity and cycling stability. In the end, a perspective is presented, expecting to promote the practical application of the SSC in harsh conditions. In this review, we systematically analyzed the temperature effects on solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs). Then the main modification methods, including the electrode design, electrolyte modification, and interface adjustment, have been summarized with the goal of superior performance operated in wide temperature ranges. In the last section, the challenge and prospective of SSCs are also described and identified. image