Extraction-free, immuno-RPA-CRISPR/Cas13a-based one-pot detection of glypican-3 directly from extracellular vesicles

Background: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) that binds to the cell membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). It is not found in healthy adult liver but is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The protein marker GPC3 on extracellular vesicles (GPC3+ EVs) is also useful for HCC detection. Nevertheless, the absence of practical and dependable quantitative techniques to evaluate EVs proteins prevents their clinical implementation. Results: Here, using an immuno-recombinase polymerase amplification (immuno-RPA) process and dual amplification of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas13a, we firstly create an extraction -free one -pot immuno-RPA-CRISPR (opiCRISPR) for the direct and extremely sensitive detection of EVs proteins. The EVs protein -targeted detection probe is amplified by RPA to generate a long repetitive sequence containing multiple CRISPR RNA (crRNA) targeting barcodes, and the signal is further amplified by the CRISPRCas13a side -chain cleavage activity to generate a fluorescent signal. The results show that circulating extracellular vesicle GPC3 (eGPC3) levels are a reliable marker for GPC3 expression in tumor, opening up new avenues for tumor diagnosis. Significance and novelty: We created an eGPC3 assay based on the CRISPR-Cas13a system, and successfully study the significance of extracellular vesicle GPC3 markers in hepatocellular carcinoma.