Recent Advancements in Li-ion Batteries Electrolytes: A Review

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as important power sources in recent years, and their improved performance is accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as viable alternatives to internal combustion engines. A focal point for the international community of materials scientists, computational physicists, and chemists is the exploration of innovative materials for LIBs, with an overarching emphasis on addressing concerns related to safety, durability, energy density (ED), and affordability during the developmental stages. The electrolyte, serving as a solvent containing conducting salt and additional substances, plays a critical role, while the incorporation of additives is explored to enhance security, performance, and recyclability. To meet the multifaceted demands of automotive and grid applications, batteries necessitate advancements in power, durability, safety, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Overcoming challenges associated with current LIBs, primarily those crafted from flammable and volatile organic solvents, becomes imperative. Addressing issues such as large electrochemical windows (Ews), a broad working temperature range, appropriate safety measures, and optimal surface reactions on electrodes for controlled passivation without compromising low impedance are formidable tasks. This review aims to comprehensively diverse LIB electrolyte types, facilitating the development of enhanced electrolytes for high-performance LIBs. Furthermore, it advocates for the design and implementation of safer electrolytes in future LIB iterations. The exploration of electrolyte additives is also a subject of investigation. The conclusion underscores the imperative to consider cell longevity when devising electrolytes for applications requiring rapid charging.