A comparative survey on LEACH successors clustering algorithms for energy-efficient longevity WSNs

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has appeared as a significant study field integrated with much research in the last two decades. In response to the widespread use of this technology in numerous applications, such as military operations, medical care, automated processes, urban domain and so on. WSN handles conditions where it is challenging or impossible for humans to perform measurement tasks physically and effectively. WSNs are fast-expanding networks incorporating many data communications streams. A WSN is made up of a wide amount of economic sensing device nodes with low energy requirements that have been irregularly placed in a particular region. These sensor node devices periodically sense data and record values before sending them to the sink node (or base station) through other sensor nodes. Some concerns should be addressed, such as preserving the sensor nodes' activity and load balancing as much as possible by wisely distributing the overall energy and the significant duplication problem of generated data where some sensor nodes in the monitor region may provide similar data. These are the WSN's most fundament l issues, necessitating the development of new routing and clustering algorithms. Research has proposed several routing algorithms to respond to these challenges and several optimization methods to decide the best route between the broadcaster and reception nodes. LEACH and its various versions with hierarchical clustering are widely utilized to reduce energy consumption, optimize performance, and lengthen the network's longevity. In this survey, We present an in-depth evaluation of LEACH descendant clustering protocols to respond to the previous challenges. We suggest several optimization methods to decide the best route between the broadcaster and reception nodes. Our qualitatively comparative study and analysis organize LEACH-based routing algorithms into five categories: algorithms for optimizing CH selection, algorithms for optimizing data transmission, algorithms for optimizing both CH selection & data transmission, algorithms executed by fuzzy logic approach, and algorithms that use external energy sources to maximize network energy. Moreover, the survey compares these clustered routing techniques based on these criteria. An examination of algorithms is provided, including information on their goals, categories, strategies, assessments, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages. This survey gives academics technical guidance regarding the best way to improve algorithms for routing. The publication concludes with suggestions for additional areas of WSN to investigate.