Bioaccumulation of arsenic in fish (Labeo rohita) in presence of periphyton: ameliorative effect on oxidative stress, physiological condition, immune response and risk assessment

The present study explores the use of periphyton to ameliorate toxic properties of arsenic (As) to Labeo rohita and also assesses the human food safety aspects. Fish were introduced to arsenite [As(III)] contaminated water (0.3 and 3 mg/L) along with periphyton. Biochemical, physiological and immunological parameters, including gene expression, were assessed after 30 days of exposure. Periphyton incorporation significantly improved (p < 0.05) the adverse effects of As on respiration, NH3 excretion and brain AChE activity by reducing oxidative stress and As bioaccumulation. The presence of periphyton in As(III) exposed fish (3 mg/L) increased the immune response (Immunoglobulin M and Complement C3) in the serum and the regulation of the respective immune genes in the anterior kidney was found to be similar to the control. A speciation study using LC-ICP-MS confirmed the high accumulation of As by periphyton (5.0–31.9 μg/g) as arsenate [As (V)], resulting in a lower amount of As in fish muscle. The calculated human health risk indices, Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Cancer risk (TCR) indicate that fish grown in periphyton-treated water may lower the human health risks associated with As. The study signifies the importance of periphyton-based aquaculture systems in As contaminated regions for safe fish production with enhanced yield.