Ionic-Rich Vermiculite Tailoring Dynamic Bottom-Up Gradient for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Mixed-halide perovskites are emerging as excellent photovoltaic candidates because of their tunable bandgaps for semitransparent and tandem perovskite solar cells. However, the notorious film quality originated from the rapidly downward crystallization process susceptibly propagates enormous detrimental defects, which deteriorate the photovoltaic performance and accelerate halide segregation. To address this issue, herein, a multilayer alkalis-intercalated-vermiculite is employed as pre-buried interface modifier to regulate the perovskite lattice property. The matchable lattice structure between perovskite and vermiculite by forming Pb & horbar;O bond not only releases the interfacial strain during the film growth but also the embedded alkalis ions can gradually diffuse into perovskite lattice to form a favorable vertical gradient owing to the weak interlamellar van der Waals interaction, playing bis-roles of atomical lubricant and ion-reservoir to eliminate detrimental defects. As a result, the film quality and lattice stability is significantly improved with suppressed phase segregation for mixed-halide perovskites, accompanying a champion efficiency of 11.42% for carbon-based CsPbIBr2 device, 15.25% for carbon-based CsPbI2Br device and 23.17% for p-i-n inverted (Cs0.05MA0.05FA0.9)Pb(I0.93Br0.07)3 cell. This work provides a new strategy on buried interface engineering for making high-efficiency and stable perovskite platforms. A 2D alkalis-intercalated-vermiculite is developed as buried atomical lubricant and ionic soil to universally eliminate the downward-growth-induced lattice disorders in perovskite film. Owing to the tensile strain release and the formation of ion-diffusion-induced bottom-up passivation gradient, the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is significantly improved. image