Cannabinoid Receptors as New Targets for HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) Treatment

Background/Aim The roles of endocannabinoids are described in immune modulation and neuroprotection. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, in this study, the interactions of HTLV-1 regulatory factors and host cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) were evaluated in HAM/TSP. Methods Nineteen HAM/TSPs, 22 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and 18 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. RNA was extracted from PBMCs and then reverse-transcribed to cDNA. The gene expression of CB1R and CB2R, as well as HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) were assessed by RT-qPCR. Results The mean expression of CB1R in ACs (8.51 ± 2.76) was significantly higher than HAMTSPs (1.593 ± 0.74, p= 0.05) and also HCs (0.10 ± 0.039, p= 0.001). The CB2R gene expression level in ACs (2.62±0.44) was significantly higher than HAM/TSPs (0.59 ± 0.15, p= 0.001) and HCs (1.00 ± 0.2, p= 0.006). Meanwhile there was a strong correlation between CB1R and CB2R gene expression levels in the HCs and HAM/TSPs (p= 0.001). HTLV-1-Tax expression in HAM/TSPs (386 ± 104) was higher than ACs (75 ± 32) and statistically significant (p= 0.003). While HTLV-1-HBZ was only expressed in three AC subjects and five HAM/TSPs, thus it cannot be analyzed. Conclusion The up-regulation of CB2R has immunomodulatory effects in inflammatory reactions. While CB1R as a neuroprotective agent may suppress inflammatory reactions in ACs, preventing HAM/TSP. It seems that, like multiple sclerosis (MS), cannabinoid medications are beneficial in HAM/TSP.