Optical coherence tomography angiography for the differentiation of diabetic nephropathy from non-diabetic renal disease

Background To provide a new non-invasive method for the differentiation of diabetic nephropathy (DN) from non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) by assessing retinal microstructure using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods OCTA parameters were recorded and their relationship with DN was analyzed. A differential diagnosis regression model for DN was established, and the diagnostic efficiency was evaluated. Results Based on the pathological results of renal biopsy, 31 DN patients and 35 NDRD patients were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that DN was independently associated with the following parameters: 15.3 mm−1 ≤ vessel density (VD) full < 17.369 mm−1 (odds ratio [OR]=8.523; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.387–52.352; P=0.021), VD full < 15.3 mm−1 (OR=8.202; 95% CI=1.110–60.623; P=0.039), DM duration > 60 months (OR=7.588; 95% CI=1.569–36.692; P=0.012), and estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR=24.484; 95% CI=4.308–139.142; P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.911, indicating a high diagnostic efficiency. Conclusions VD full < 17.369 mm−1, DM duration > 60 months, and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 may indicate the presence of DN. OCTA may be an effective non-invasive method for identifying DN and NDRD.