A study on wave climate variability along the nearshore regions of Bohai Sea based on long term observation data

The Bohai Sea off the coast of northern China plays important economic and ecological roles. No studies have been conducted on wave characteristics in the Bohai Sea nearshore area using ocean station data in the past. Observational data (1998–2022) from eight ocean-stations in the Bohai Sea were used in the present study. Overall, wave height (Hs) was small; winter seasons had higher Hs than summer seasons, and the maximum Hs occurred in the Bohai Strait. Joint distribution analysis indicated that waves with Hs ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 m, and mean wave periods (Tm) ranging from 3 to 3.5 s, were most common. Hs in the Bohai Sea nearshore area showed a weak response to climate variability and was moderately correlated with the Ocean Niño Index (ONI) and the North Pacific Index (NPI) in winter, and with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in summer. Under extreme conditions, Hs was best described by a Generalized Pareto distribution, Tm was best described by a GEV distribution, and wave directions mainly followed a t location-scale distribution. The maximum wave height (Hmax)/Hs was 1.51, and the ratio varied with location. Machine learning methods were used to calculate Hmax more precisely, and they yielded better results than statistical methods.