Sand dune restoration as sustainable natural architectural design for coastal protection along seasonal storm-prone beach

Monsoonal storms cause coastal erosion of worldwide sandy beaches, including coasts in Malaysia. Although hard engineering structures are effective in mitigating erosion, those constructions can create several environmental issues such as down-drift erosion. The Effective Sand Fence (also known as E-Fence) is considered one of the sustainable alternative structures to protect beach erosion. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to identify the effectiveness of E-Fence for dune restoration. In this study, we measured beach profile survey, grain size distribution, and wind speed. In addition, XBeach simulation was used to determine sediment accumulation under the E-Fence protection. Results of the beach profile survey (i.e., slope and dune volume) indicate dune restoration in protected areas of the E-Fence. Grain size distribution and wind speed suggest the decreasing of wind velocities from the swash zone to the backshore. Accordingly, the E-Fence acts as a barrier, and the reduction of energy leads to accumulate sediments by passing through gaps in the structure. The E-Fence is thus capable of sustaining against wave attack and can maintain stable coastal ecosystems. Consequently, this coastal protection structure assists in developing cheaper coastal erosion mitigation strategies in Malaysia and elsewhere.