Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory-based Surveillance Capacity of Hospitals in Zambia: Findings and Implications for System Strengthening

Background A well-established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) laboratory-based surveillance (LBS) is of utmost importance in a country like Zambia which bears a significant proportion of the world’s communicable disease burden. This study assessed the capacity of laboratories in selected hospitals to conduct AMR surveillance in Zambia. Methods This cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted among eight (8) purposively selected hospitals in Zambia between August 2023 and December 2023. Data were collected using the self-scoring Laboratory Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance Testing Capacity (LAARC) tool. Findings Of the assessed facilities, none had full capacity to conduct AMR surveillance with varying capacities ranging from moderate [63% (5/8)] to low [38% (3/8)]. Some of the barriers of AMR-LBS were the lack of electronic laboratory information system (LIS) [63% (5/8)] and the lack of locally generated antibiograms [75% (6/8)]. Quality control for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), pathogen identification and media preparation had the lowest overall score among all the facilities with a score of 14%, 20% and 44% respectively. The highest overall scores were in specimen processing (79%), data management (78%), specimen collection, transport, and management (71%) and safety (70%). Most facilities had standard operating procedures (SOPs) in place but lacked specimen-specific SOPs. Conclusion The absence of laboratories with full capacity to conduct AMR surveillance hinders efforts to combat AMR and further complicates the treatment outcomes of infectious diseases. Establishing and strengthening LBS systems are essential in quantifying the burden of AMR and supporting the development of local antibiograms and treatment guidelines.