Targeting Pivotal Hallmarks of Cancer for Enhanced Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment-In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Trials Literature Review

Simple Summary This literature review explores the potential of targeted therapies in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment, focusing on distinct features of cancer cells. This article delves into the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment and pivotal hallmarks of cancer: deregulating cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect, acidosis and hypoxia, the ability to metastasize and evade the immune system, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating systemic toxicity. Our study aims to provide the most up-to-date review of in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials, highlighting the promising effectiveness, elucidating the mechanisms, and identifying the limitations of novel targeted therapies. Results reveal that while many therapies are in the preclinical phase, requiring further investigation, CAR-T therapy has progressed to clinical trials. However, there remains a lack of data on patient response to this therapy. Nonetheless, the integration of targeted therapies tailored to TNBC's molecular characteristics holds significant potential for optimizing clinical outcomes. These conclusions underscore the importance of ongoing research in advancing treatment options for TNBC, addressing the critical need for more effective therapies in clinical practice, and ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.Abstract This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and explores innovative targeted therapies focused on specific hallmarks of cancer cells, aiming to revolutionize breast cancer treatment. TNBC, characterized by its lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), presents distinct features, categorizing these invasive breast tumors into various phenotypes delineated by key elements in molecular assays. This article delves into the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment and pivotal hallmarks of cancer: deregulating cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect, acidosis and hypoxia, the ability to metastasize and evade the immune system, aiming to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating systemic toxicity. Insights from in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials underscore the promising effectiveness and elucidate the mechanisms of action of these novel therapeutic interventions for TNBC, particularly in cases refractory to conventional treatments. The integration of targeted therapies tailored to the molecular characteristics of TNBC holds significant potential for optimizing clinical outcomes and addressing the pressing need for more effective treatment options for this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.