Characterization and analysis of trace elements of facial beauty powders collected from Saudi markets

Cosmetic is an enriching source of potentially toxic trace elements due to the use of different chemicals and preservatives during their preparation. The present study presents the structural, morphological, and quantitative analyses of eighteen trace elements in six (n = 6) imported/locally manufactured facial powders using electron microscopy tools (SEM/EDX/TEM), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductivity coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometry (ICPOES). SEM/EDX/TEM analyses reveal the sheet-like morphology of the cosmetic products with varying sizes, shapes, and thicknesses. The branded specimens displayed the nano-sized crystalline nanoparticles along with sheets, either deposited on sheets or present in the dispersion. The size of the particles was estimated between 5 and 300 nm. The average contents of the eighteen trace elements determined by ICP-OES are (in µg/g): 7739.43 (Li), 1015.30 (Ca), 514.18 (Fe), 226.61 (Mg), 201.10 (Al), 133.25 (Zn), 83.50 (Na), 11.82 (Mn), 9.05 (K), 1.85 (Ba), 4.96 (Cr), 0.57 (Cu), 0.29 (Pb), 0.10 (Sb), 0.08 (Se), 0.03 (Cd), 0.01 (As) and 0 (Ni). The branded samples showed the lowest fractions, while the locally manufactured specimens exhibited higher contents of potentially toxic trace elements. The metal contents of Li, Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Zn, and Pb were the highest whereas the K, Mn, and Cr contents were <100 µg/g, and Ni was not found in any tested specimen. The findings of this study could provide awareness to the consumers to ensure the minimum exposure of nanoparticles/agglomerates and safe use of body-care products.