Analysis and optimization of Guizotia abyssinica (L.) with alumina, titanium and diesel blends on DI engine combustion and emissions

Individuals are exploring alternative fuels like biodiesel due to energy scarcity and environmental concerns. Biodiesel provides benefits such reusability, environmental friendliness, and recyclability. However, biodiesel’s lower calorific value and greater density might cause the engine to take longer to start, consume more gasoline, and emit more NOx. The highest heat release rate (HRRMax) of GAB10, GAB20 and GAB30 was cut by 11.53, 13.59 and 16.47