Energy performance and power application of low-gradient thermo-electrochemical cells

Abstract Amidst the growing demand for sustainable and clean energy sources, the need for efficient and scalable technologies capable of harnessing low-temperature thermal gradients has become increasingly crucial. Low-gradient thermopower cells emerge as a promising solution to this challenge, offering the ability to generate electricity from the small temperature differences encountered in diverse applications, including industrial processes, waste heat recovery, and environmental monitoring. These novel thermal energy conversion power cells, developed based on the principles of thermo-electrochemical reaction potential difference, charge thermal diffusion, and other characteristics, exhibit enhanced conversion efficiency and hold immense application potential. Some work has reported maximum instantaneous power in excess of 0.5 mW K-2 m-2 , which is already reaching practical levels of power output. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in terms of continuous power output, stability and efficiency of the device. Based on their power generation capabilities, we explore the potential applications of these thermopower cells in real-world scenarios, such as powering remote sensors, IoT devices, and integrating them into industrial processes for waste heat recovery.