Advancements in the study of carbon deposition behavior during the metallurgical high-reductive potential gas reforming and heating processes

Numerous innovative low-carbon ironmaking technologies rely on the use of a high-temperature, highly reducing gas, with examples including the gas-based direct reduction approach, hydrogen-enriched blast furnace fuel injection, and hydrogen-rich carbon circulation oxygen blast furnaces. However, the process of obtaining high-temperature and highly reducing gases inevitably leads to carbon deposition, and effective methods for controlling carbon deposition have yet to be developed for practical applications. Thus, within the context of metallurgical process conditions, this article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in carbon deposition research by integrating findings from the fields of fuel chemistry and carbon material synthesis. Initially, the thermodynamic fundamentals of the carbon deposition reactions are examined, and subsequently, the influences of temperature, H2, and catalysis on the carbon deposition reactions are discussed. In addition, the growth and erosion mechanisms of carbon on the surface of the medium are analyzed. Finally, this review consolidates the methods available for controlling carbon deposition, encompassing changes in the process conditions, the development of anti-carbon materials, and research into special processes. This article also identifies gaps in the literature and outlines future directions in related fields, notably proposing the application prospects of the sulfur passivation and thermal plasma reforming technologies in the reforming and heating of highly reducing gases.