A novel honeycomb-like 3D-printed device for rotating-disk sorptive extraction of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from environmental water samples

In this study, 3D-printing based on fused-deposition modeling (FDM) was employed as simple and cost-effective strategy to fabricate a novel format of rotating-disk sorptive devices. As proof-of-concept, twenty organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were determined in water samples through rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) using honeycomb-like 3D-printed disks followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The devices that exhibited the best performance were comprised of polyamide + 15% carbon fiber (PA + 15% C) with the morphology being evaluated through X-ray microtomography. The optimized extraction conditions consisted of 120 min of extraction using 20 mL of sample at stirring speed of 1100 rpm. Additionally, liquid desorption using 800 µL of acetonitrile for 25 min at stirring speed of 1100 rpm provided the best response. Importantly, the methodology also exhibited high throughput since an extraction/desorption platform that permitted up to fifteen simultaneous extractions was employed. The method was validated, providing coefficients of determination higher than 0.9706 for all analytes; limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.15 to 3.03 μg L−1 and from 0.5 to 10.0 μg L−1, respectively. Intraday precision ranged from 4.01 to 18.73%, and interday precision varied from 4.83 to 20.00%. Accuracy was examined through relative recoveries and ranged from 73.29 to 121.51%. This method was successfully applied to analyze nine groundwater samples from monitoring wells of gas stations in São Paulo. Moreover, the greenness was assessed through AGREEprep metrics, and an overall score of 0.69 was obtained indicating that the method proposed can be considered sustainable.