The GO/Bi2O3/WO3 ternary hybrid composite as an efficient sunlight-driven heterogeneous photocatalyst for wastewater remediation

Semiconductor photocatalysts with engineered heterostructure are gaining attention for environmental remediations. The combination of two or more metal oxides with support materials has proved an effective strategy for better charge separation to lead to redox reactions. Therefore, the novel combination of tungsten oxide (WO3) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) with graphene oxide (GO) was studied to degrade methylene blue dye as a model organic pollutant. The novel composite material was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal route. The photocatalysts (i.e., WO3, WO3/Bi2O3, and GO/WO3/Bi2O3 composite) were characterized in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope, elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray, crystalline structure by X-ray diffraction, and functional group identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The characterization analysis confirms the successful synthesis of all pristine and composite materials. The optical response of photocatalysts (WO3/Bi2O3) and composites photocatalyst (GO/WO3/Bi2O3) was checked by UV–visible spectroscopy using the Tauc plot method. The considerable reduction in energy bandgap from 2.9 (for WO3/Bi2O3) to 2.2 (for GO/WO3/Bi2O3) suggests that the proposed composite material is not only effective under natural sunlight but also a potential material with improved charge separation. The optimization of influencing parameters was done, and the best degradation efficiency of about 98