Elevated soluble CD226 in Takayasu arteritis is useful for differentiation from giant cell arteritis, disease activity assessment, and prognosis prediction

Abstract Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is characterized by vascular injury, in which endothelial cells and immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, have key roles. CD226 is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and T cells, and the soluble CD226 (sCD226) is increased in diseases involving these cells. Therefore, we investigated the utility of serum sCD226 as a biomarker for TAK. Serum sCD226 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 34 TAK patients and 21 giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients. The associations between sCD226 levels and the angiographic classification, disease activity, and prognosis of TAK were analysed. Serum sCD226 levels were significantly higher in TAK patients than in GCA patients. In TAK patients, serum sCD226 levels were significantly elevated in the group of type Ⅴ compared with the group of other types excluding type Ⅴ. Serum sCD226 levels were also elevated in patients with active TAK and in those with poor responses to corticosteroids. Moreover, the cumulative probability of relapse was increased in patients with high sCD226 levels. Thus, serum sCD226 levels differentiated TAK from GCA and were associated with disease activity and relapse of TAK. Serum sCD226 may be a useful biomarker for the management of TAK.