Mechanical Characterization of the Male Lower Urinary Tract: Comparison among Soft Tissues from the Same Human Case Study

Featured Application An exhaustive mechanical characterization of the lower urinary tract represents a key point for the development of effective in silico models to provide additional information on dysfunctions and validate innovative devices for the treatment of related pathologies.Abstract Background: Nowadays, a challenging task concerns the biomechanical study of the human lower urinary tract (LUT) due to the variety of its tissues and the low availability of samples. Methods: This work attempted to further extend the knowledge through a comprehensive mechanical characterization of the male LUT by considering numerous tissues harvested from the same cadaver, including some never studied before. Samples of the bladder, urethra, prostate, Buck's fascia and tunica albuginea related to corpora cavernosa were considered and distinguished according to testing direction, specimen conformation and anatomical region. Uniaxial tensile and indentation tests were performed and ad hoc protocols were developed. Results: The tissues showed a non-linear and viscoelastic response but different mechanical properties due to their specific functionality and microstructural configuration. Tunica albuginea longitudinally displayed the highest stiffness (12.77 MPa), while the prostate transversally had the lowest one (0.66 MPa). The minimum stress relaxation degree (65.74%) was reached by the tunica albuginea and the maximum (88.55%) by the bladder. The prostate elastic modulus was shown to vary according to the presence of pathological changes at the microstructure. Conclusions: This is the first experimental work that considers the mechanical evaluation of the LUT tissues in relation to the same subject, setting the basis for future developments by expanding the sample population and for the development of effective in silico models to improve the solutions for most LUT pathologies.