Electrospun nanofiber nonwovens and sponges towards practical applications of waterproofing, thermal insulation, and electromagnetic shielding/absorption

As a versatile and efficient technology, electrospinning is a powerful method for the fabrication of nanofiber nonwovens and sponges with high porosity, low density, and large specific surface area, which have great potential for numerous applications. In this review, the working mechanisms, preparation, and modification methods, as well as recent progress of nanofiber nonwovens and sponges towards waterproofing, thermal insulation, and electromagnetic (EM) shielding/absorption have been systematically discussed. More prominently, this review provides some insightful perspectives of electrospinning technology toward practical applications covering the range from nanofibers to nanofiber-based sponges. Expectantly, our review will offer important and thoughtful guidance not only for the rational design of nanofiber nonwovens and sponges but also for practical applications in the foreseeable future.