The Importance of Sintering-Induced Grain Boundaries in Copper Catalysis to Improve Carbon-Carbon Coupling

Syngas conversion serves as a gas-to-liquid technology to produce liquid fuels and valuable chemicals from coal, natural gas, or biomass. During syngas conversion, sintering is known to deactivate the catalyst owing to the loss of active surface area. However, the growth of nanoparticles might induce the formation of new active sites such as grain boundaries (GBs) which perform differently from the original nanoparticles. Herein, we reported a unique Cu-based catalyst, Cu nanoparticles with in situ generated GBs confined in zeolite Y (denoted as activated Cu/Y), which exhibited a high selectivity for C5+ hydrocarbons (65.3 C%) during syngas conversion. Such high selectivity for long-chain products distinguished activated Cu/Y from typical copper-based catalysts which mainly catalyze methanol synthesis. This unique performance was attributed to the GBs, while the zeolite assisted the stabilization through spatial confinement. Specifically, the GBs enabled H-assisted dissociation of CO and subsequent hydrogenation into CHx*. CHx* species not only serve as the initiator but also directly polymerize on Cu GBs, known as the carbide mechanism. Meanwhile, the synergy of GBs and their vicinal low-index facets led to the CO insertion where non-dissociative adsorbed CO on low-index facets migrated to GBs and inserted into the metal-alkyl bond for the chain growth. Syngas conversion reaction induces the in situ generation of copper grain boundaries which leads to the formation of long-chain hydrocarbons. The synergy of grain boundaries and their vicinal low-index facets leads to the CO insertion where non-dissociative adsorbed CO on low-index facets migrates to grain boundaries and inserts into the metal-alkyl bond for the chain growth.+ image