Wet-Stable Lamellar Wood Sponge with High Elasticity and Fatigue Resistance Enabled by Chemical Cross-Linking

The excessive consumption of fossil-based plastics and the associated environmental concerns motivate the increasing exploitation of sustainable biomass-based materials for advanced applications. Natural wood-derived lamellar wood sponges via a top-down approach have recently attracted significant attention; however, the insufficient compressive fatigue resistance and lack of structural stability in water limit their wide applications. Here, we report a facile chemical cross-linking strategy to tackle these challenges, by which the cellulose fibrils in the lamellas are covalently bridged to enhance their connectivity. The cross-linked wood sponges demonstrate high compressibility up to 70% strain and exceptional compressive fatigue resistance (similar to 5% plastic deformation after 10,000 cycles at 50% strain). The interfibrillar cross-linking inhibits the swelling of cellulose fibrils and preserves the arch-shaped lamellas of the sponge in water, endowing the wood sponge with excellent wet stability. Such highly elastic and wet-stable lamellar wood sponges offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymer-based sponges used in diverse applications.