Early fire danger monitoring system in smart cities using optimization-based deep learning techniques with artificial intelligence

One primary safety concern for smart cities is fire. Traditional techniques are not appropriate because of their high false alarm rates, delayed characteristics, and susceptibility in situations with heritage buildings. Smart cities must develop sophisticated methods to mitigate the severe effects of fires and achieve early fire detection in real time. An artificial intelligence-based recurrent neural network with a whale optimization framework (AI-RNN-WO) was introduced to estimate the risk of fire hazards early on. IoT sensor devices are first deployed in smart cities to continuously monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, smoke, flame, relative humidity, fuel moisture, and duff moisture code. These sensed data are then saved in the cloud storage system Firebase. Then, the sensed dataset is updated to the designed model, which pre-processes the data and extracts relevant features from the dataset. The RNN parameters are tuned using whale optimization, which improves the prediction results and attains better accuracy. The performance of the proposed AI-RNN-WO model is validated using a MATLAB tool, and the performance is compared with existing models. The produced model has demonstrated its effectiveness by attaining the highest accuracy (99.5