A review of forest fragmentation in Indonesia under the DPSIR framework for biodiversity conservation strategies

Indonesia, a global biodiversity hotspot, confronts escalating threats from land-use change, triggering extensive forest fragmentation and threatening biodiversity. This review synthesizes existing literature on Indonesian forest fragmentation, highlighting key findings, methodologies, and knowledge gaps. It assesses spatial fragmentation patterns, evaluates current conservation efforts, and identifies areas for enhancement. Utilizing the Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) framework, we comprehensively examine the intricate dynamics influencing forest fragmentation, emphasizing the role of driving forces, pressures, conditions, impacts, and responses in biodiversity conservation. Pressures such as agricultural expansion and infrastructure development induce changes in forest conditions and biodiversity, resulting in diverse impacts such as habitat destruction, altered animal behaviors, and human-wildlife conflict. These findings accentuate the pressing need for adaptive conservation strategies addressing the root causes of fragmentation. We propose a comprehensive biodiversity conservation strategy for fragmented landscapes, encompassing integrated land use planning, habitat connectivity, restoration, wildlife-friendly infrastructure, agroecology, community-based conservation, buffer zones, invasive species management, education, outreach, transboundary cooperation, translocation, monitoring, research, and innovation.