Stress reduction through cortical bone thickening improves bone mechanical behavior in adult female Beclin-1+/− mice

Fragility fractures, which are more prevalent in women, may be significantly influenced by autophagy due to altered bone turnover. As an essential mediator of autophagy, Beclin-1 modulates bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclast and chondrocyte differentiation, however, the alteration in the local bone mechanical environment in female Beclin-1+/− mice remains unclear. In this study, our aim is to investigate the biomechanical behavior of femurs from seven-month-old female wild-type (WT) and Beclin-1+/− mice under peak physiological load, using finite element analysis on micro-CT images. Micro-CT imaging analyses revealed femoral cortical thickening in Beclin-1+/− female mice compared to WT. Three-point bending test demonstrated a 63.94% increase in whole-bone strength and a 61.18% increase in stiffness for female Beclin-1+/− murine femurs, indicating improved biomechanical integrity. After conducting finite element analysis, Beclin-1+/− mice exhibited a 26.99% reduction in von Mises stress and a 31.62% reduction in maximum principal strain in the femoral midshaft, as well as a 36.64% decrease of von Mises stress in the distal femurs, compared to WT mice. Subsequently, the strength-safety factor was determined using an empirical formula, revealing that Beclin-1+/− mice exhibited significantly higher minimum safety factors in both the midshaft and distal regions compared to WT mice. In summary, considering the increased response of bone adaptation to mechanical loading in female Beclin-1+/− mice, our findings indicate that increasing cortical bone thickness significantly improves bone biomechanical behavior by effectively reducing stress and strain within the femoral shaft.