Deep Learning: A Overview of Theory and Architectures

Deep learning (DL), a dynamic subset of machine learning inspired by the human brain, has evolved into a transformative force, showcasing remarkable capabilities across diverse domains. Often referred to as the “Artificial Neural Network,” DL involves neural networks with three or more layers. The integration of DL with the progression of Big Data has facilitated the deployment of intricate neural networks, enabling autonomous analysis of features and correlations within extensive datasets, whether structured or unstructured. Noteworthy is the heightened performance exhibited by DL algorithms when confronted with substantial volumes of data. This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of DL from multifaceted viewpoints, incorporating recent advancements in the field. Beyond elucidating the conceptual and theoretical foundations, the paper systematically addresses challenges, highlights advantages, and proposes solutions intrinsic to DL. Furthermore, it delves into future works in DL, identifying evolving trends and promising areas of exploration such as medical diagnostics, sports training, and energy-efficient approaches. The overarching goal of this paper is to contribute to the continued evolution and widespread application of DL across diverse sectors. By encapsulating the holistic landscape of DL, the research presented herein strives to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts seeking insights into the current state and future directions of this transformative field.