Design and Analysis in Dissemination and Implementation Research

Abstract A wide variety of dissemination and implementation (D&I) research designs are now being used to evaluate and improve health systems and outcomes. This chapter discusses research questions in D&I, methods for implementation preparation, and randomized and nonrandomized designs for the traditional translational research continuum or pipeline, which builds on existing efficacy and effectiveness trials to examine how one or more health interventions are adopted, scaled up, and sustained in community or service delivery systems. The chapter also considers other designs, including hybrid approaches that combine effectiveness and implementation research and designs that use simulation modeling and configurational analysis. A case example of a novel large-scale rollout implementation optimization design implementation study is also presented. The chapter also provides suggested readings and websites useful for design decisions.