Healthy lifestyles and rapid progression of carotid plaque in population with atherosclerosis: A prospective cohort study in China

Background Healthy lifestyles are effective means to reduce major cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the association of healthy lifestyles with development of carotid atherosclerosis at the early stage of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods We enrolled participants from Fujian province in the China PEACE MPP project. We calculated a healthy lifestyle score by adherence to non-smoking, sufficient physical activity, healthy diet and healthy body mass index. Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to explore the association between the healthy lifestyles and rapid progression of carotid plaque. Results 8379 participants were included (mean age: 60.6 ± 8.3 years, 54.6 % female), with a median follow-up of 1.2 years (inter quartile range: 1.0–1.6). RCS showed a significant inverse association between the healthy lifestyle score and progression of carotid plaque. Participants with “intermediate” (HR: 0.72 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.65–0.80]) or “ideal” (HR: 0.68 [0.59–0.78]) adherence to healthy lifestyles had a lower risk of progression of carotid plaque compared to those with “poor” adherence. Age, sex, occupation, income, residence type and metabolic status were significant factors influencing the relationship. Farmers benefited more in non-smoking and sufficient physical activity compared to non-farmers, and participants with lower income or without dyslipidaemia benefited more in sufficient physical activity and healthy diet compared to their counterparts (p-for-interaction < 0.05). Conclusions Healthy lifestyles were associated with lower risk of progression of carotid plaque in populations with atherosclerosis. Promotion of healthy lifestyles from the early stage of carotid atherosclerosis could reduce the burden of CVDs in China.