Prevalence and Sociodemographic Covariates of Human Papillomavirus in the United States: Findings from the 2008 to 2020 National Inpatient Sample Database

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread worldwide, leading to a significant burden of HPV-related cancers. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of HPV infection in the United States based on a large nationwide inpatient sample database. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2008 to 2020 and identified HPV cases using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Pearson’s chi-square and independent-sample t-test were used for the analysis. The prevalence ratio was calculated using logistic regression models and the Cochran Armitage trend test to examine trends. A total of 47,506 HPV infections were identified from 2008 to 2020 among adults aged >18 years. Most patients were female (99.72%), with a higher prevalence among the 26-40 age group and white individuals. HPV infections were more prominent among low-income individuals and in the southern region of the United States. From 2008 to 2020, HPV increased from 6.76% to 10.91%. This study provides insights into the epidemiology of HPV infection in the United States. Understanding the trends and characteristics of HPV infection can contribute to public health interventions aimed at prevention and early detection. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Yes ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Because the NIS database is de-identified, the Institutional Review Board waived the IRB application I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All relevant data are within the manuscript and its supporting information files.