An assessment of adaptation and fidelity in the implementation of an audit and feedback-based intervention to improve transition to adult type 1 diabetes care in Ontario, Canada

The fit between an intervention and its local context may affect its implementation and effectiveness. Researchers have stated that both fidelity (the degree to which an intervention is delivered, enacted, and received as intended) and adaptation to the local context are necessary for high-quality implementation. This study describes the implementation of an audit and feedback (AF)-based intervention to improve transition to type 1 diabetes adult care, at five sites, in terms of adaptation and fidelity. An audit and feedback (AF)-based intervention for healthcare teams to improve transition to adult care for patients with type 1 diabetes was studied at five pediatric sites. The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based Implementation Strategies (FRAME-IS) was used to document the adaptations made during the study. Fidelity was determined on three different levels: delivery, enactment, and receipt. Fidelity of delivery, receipt, and enactment were preserved during the implementation of the intervention. Of the five sites, three changed their chosen quality improvement initiative, however, within the parameters of the study protocol; therefore, fidelity was preserved while still enabling participants to adapt accordingly. We describe implementing a multi-center AF-based intervention across five sites in Ontario to improve the transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care for youth with type 1 diabetes. This intervention adopted a balanced approach considering both adaptation and fidelity to foster a community of practice to facilitate implementing quality improvement initiatives for improving transition to adult diabetes care. This approach may be adapted for improving transition care for youth with other chronic conditions and to other complex AF-based interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03781973. Registered 13 December 2018. Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: June 1, 2019.